Fact sheet for HELCOM MPA 140 - Outer Bothnian Threshold Archipelago (The Quark)

Quark is the only UNESCO world heritage nature site in Finland. Archipelago features different landscapes from continental shore through inner archipelago islands and large wooded islands to outer archipelago and small islets and skerries. Biotope complexes include various land upheaval nature types from estuaries to coastal meadows to European dry heaths and primary succession stages of the land upheaval coast. The 9 mm per year land upheaval pace is fastest in Finland. Quark is the narrowest strait between Finland and Sweden and acts as a salinity barrier to northern more freshwater Bothnian Bay. There are marine species in the Quark, but they coexist with fresh water species like Fontinalis sp. Quark is an internationally celebrated bird area with thousands of breeding pairs of water birds and many more migrating birds. It is also a significant migrating area of some bats.

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General information of MPA Outer Bothnian Threshold Archipelago (The Quark), Finland

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Species in MPA Outer Bothnian Threshold Archipelago (The Quark), Finland (hide / show)

Scientific nameAscending	English name	Species group	Species status	Does the species justify the site's designation as an MPA?	Performed monitoring	Authorities responsible for monitoring	HELCOM Red List category	Link to Species Information Sheet (SIS)	Link to WORMS
Actitis hypoleucos	Common sandpiper	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	NT	SIS	WORMS
Alca torda	Razorbill	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	-	SIS	WORMS
Anas clypeata	Shoveler	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	-	SIS	WORMS
Anas platyrhynchos	Mallard	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	-	SIS	WORMS
Anas strepera	Gadwall	Birds	migratory	No	no monitoring program	not reported	-	SIS	WORMS
Anser anser	Greylag goose	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	-	SIS	WORMS
Anser fabalis fabalis	Taiga bean goose	Birds	migratory	No	no monitoring program	not reported	EN	SIS	WORMS
Anthus petrosus	Eurasian rock pipit	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	-	SIS	WORMS
Anthus pratensis	Meadow pipit	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	-	SIS	WORMS
Arenaria interpres	Ruddy turnstone	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	VU	SIS	WORMS
Aythya fuligula	Tufted duck	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	NT	SIS	WORMS
Aythya marila	Greater scaup	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	VU	SIS	WORMS
Branta leucopsis	Barnacle goose	Birds	migratory	No	no monitoring program	not reported	-	SIS	WORMS
Bucephala clangula	Goldeneye	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	-	SIS	WORMS
Calidris alpina alpina	Dunlin	Birds	migratory	No	no monitoring program	not reported	-	SIS	WORMS
Calidris alpina schinzii	Southern dunlin	Birds	occasional	No	no monitoring program	not reported	EN	SIS	WORMS
Calidris temminckii	Temminck's stint	Birds	migratory	No	no monitoring program	not reported	NT	SIS	WORMS
Cepphus grylle grylle	Black guillemot	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	NT	SIS	WORMS
Chara sp.	-	Macrophytes	not reported	No	no monitoring program	not reported	-	SIS	WORMS
Charadrius hiaticula hiaticula	Ringed plover	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	NT	SIS	WORMS
Clangula hyemalis	Long-tailed duck	Birds	migratory	No	no monitoring program	not reported	EN	SIS	WORMS
Coregonus albula	Vendace	Fish and lamprey species	migratory	No	not reported	not reported	LC	SIS	WORMS
Coregonus maraena	Maraene	Fish and lamprey species	breeding	No	not reported	not reported	EN	SIS	WORMS
Cottus gobio	Bullhead	Fish and lamprey species	not reported	No	not reported	not reported	LC	SIS	WORMS
Cygnus olor	Mute swan	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	-	SIS	WORMS
Gavia arctica	Black-throated diver	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	CR	SIS	WORMS
Gavia stellata	Red-throated diver	Birds	migratory	No	no monitoring program	not reported	CR	SIS	WORMS
Haematopus ostralegus	Eurasian oystercatcher	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	-	SIS	WORMS
Haliaeetus albicilla	White-tailed sea-eagle	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	-	SIS	WORMS
Halichoerus grypus	Grey seal	Mammals	breeding	No	occasional monitoring program	not reported	LC	SIS	WORMS
Hippuris tetraphylla	Fourleaf mare's tail	Macrophytes	not reported	No	no monitoring program	not reported	EN	SIS	WORMS
Hydroprogne caspia	Caspian tern	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	VU	SIS	WORMS
Lampetra fluviatilis	River lamprey	Fish and lamprey species	migratory	No	not reported	not reported	NT	SIS	WORMS
Larus argentatus	Herring gull	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	-	SIS	WORMS
Larus canus	Mew gull	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	-	SIS	WORMS
Larus fuscus fuscus	Lesser black-backed gull	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	VU	SIS	WORMS
Larus marinus	Greater black-backed gull	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	-	SIS	WORMS
Lota lota	Burbot	Fish and lamprey species	not reported	No	not reported	not reported	NT	SIS	WORMS
Lutra lutra	Eurasian otter	Mammals	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	NT	SIS	WORMS
Melanitta fusca	Velvet scoter	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	VU	SIS	WORMS
Melanitta nigra	Common scoter	Birds	migratory	No	no monitoring program	not reported	EN	SIS	WORMS
Mergus merganser	Common merganser	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	-	SIS	WORMS
Mergus serrator	Red-breasted merganser	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	VU	SIS	WORMS
Motacilla alba	White wagtail	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	-	SIS	WORMS
Oenanthe oenanthe	Northern wheatear	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	NT	SIS	WORMS
Pandion haliaetus	Osprey	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	-	SIS	WORMS
Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis	Long-tailed cormorant	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	-	SIS	WORMS
Philomachus pugnax	Ruff	Birds	migratory	No	no monitoring program	not reported	VU	SIS	WORMS
Phoca hispida botnica	Baltic ringed seal	Mammals	breeding	No	occasional monitoring program	not reported	VU	SIS	WORMS
Podiceps auritus	Horned grebe	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	NT	SIS	WORMS
Podiceps grisegena	Red-necked grebe	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	EN	SIS	WORMS
Polysticta stelleri	Steller's eider	Birds	occasional	No	no monitoring program	not reported	EN	SIS	WORMS
Salmo salar	Atlantic salmon	Fish and lamprey species	migratory	No	not reported	not reported	VU	SIS	WORMS
Salmo trutta	Brown trout	Fish and lamprey species	migratory	No	not reported	not reported	VU	SIS	WORMS
Somateria mollissima	Common eider	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	VU	SIS	WORMS
Stercorarius parasiticus	Parasitic jaeger	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	-	SIS	WORMS
Sterna hirundo	Common tern	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	-	SIS	WORMS
Sterna paradisaea	Arctic tern	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	-	SIS	WORMS
Tadorna tadorna	Common shelduck	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	LC	SIS	WORMS
Thymallus thymallus	Grayling	Fish and lamprey species	breeding	No	not reported	not reported	CR	SIS	WORMS
Tringa totanus	Common redshank	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	NT	SIS	WORMS
Vanellus vanellus	Northern lapwing	Birds	breeding	No	no monitoring program	not reported	NT	SIS	WORMS
Xenus cinereus	Terek sandpiper	Birds	migratory	No	no monitoring program	not reported	EN	SIS	WORMS

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Biotopes in MPA Outer Bothnian Threshold Archipelago (The Quark), Finland

Biotope code	Biotope name (HUB or HELCOM 1998)	Does the biotope justify the site's designation as an MPA?	Performed monitoring	Authorities responsible for monitoring	HELCOM Red List category	Link to Biotope Information Sheet (BIS)
AA.A1C	Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by perennial algae	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.A1D	Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by aquatic moss	No	not reported	not reported	LC
AA.A1E	Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic bivalves	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.A1H	Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic moss animals (Bryozoa)	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.A1I	Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic crustacea	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.A1J	Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic sponges (Porifera)	No	not reported	not reported	LC
AA.A1R	Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by soft crustose algae	No	not reported	not reported	LC
AA.A1S	Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by annual algae	No	not reported	not reported	LC
AA.A1V	Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity	No	not reported	not reported	LC
AA.A2T	Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity	No	not reported	not reported	LC
AA.A2W	Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by microphytobenthic organisms and grazing snails	No	not reported	not reported	LC
AA.A4U	Baltic photic rock and boulders characterized by no macrocommunity	No	not reported	not reported	LC
AA.B1V	Baltic photic hard clay characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.B2T	Baltic photic hard clay characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.B4U	Baltic photic hard clay characterized by no macrocommunity	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.F	Baltic photic ferromanganese concretion bottom	No	not reported	not reported	LC
AA.H1A	Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by emergent vegetation	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.H1B	Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by submerged rooted plants	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.H1K	Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by epibenthic polychaetes	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.H1S	Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by annual algae	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.H1V	Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.H3L	Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by infaunal bivalves	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.H3M	Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by infaunal polychaetes	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.H3N	Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by infaunal crustaceans	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.H3P	Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by infaunal insect larvae	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.H4U	Baltic photic muddy sediment characterized by no macrocommunity	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.I1A	Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by emergent vegetation	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.I1B	Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by submerged rooted plants	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.I1C	Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by perennial algae	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.I1S	Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by annual algae	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.I1V	Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.I2T	Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.I2W	Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by microphytobenthic organisms and grazing snails	No	not reported	not reported	LC
AA.I3L	Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by infaunal bivalves	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.I3M	Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by infaunal polychaetes	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.I3P	Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by infaunal insect larvae	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.I4U	Baltic photic coarse sediment characterized by no macrocommunity	No	not reported	not reported	LC
AA.J1A	Baltic photic sand characterized by emergent vegetation	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.J1B	Baltic photic sand characterized by submerged rooted plants	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.J1E	Baltic photic sand characterized by epibenthic bivalves	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.J1V	Baltic photic sand characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.J3L	Baltic photic sand characterized by infaunal bivalves	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.J3M	Baltic photic sand characterized by infaunal polychaetes	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.J4U	Baltic photic sand characterized by no macrocommunity	No	not reported	not reported	LC
AA.K	Baltic photic hard anthropogenically created substrates	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.L	Baltic photic soft anthropogenically created substrates	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.M1A	Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by emergent vegetation	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.M1B	Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by submerged rooted plants	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.M1C	Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by perennial algae	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.M1D	Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by aquatic moss	No	not reported	not reported	LC
AA.M1E	Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic bivalves	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.M1F	Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic chordates	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.M1H	Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic moss animals (Bryozoa)	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.M1I	Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic crustacea	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.M1J	Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic sponges (Porifera)	No	not reported	not reported	LC
AA.M1R	Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by soft crustose algae	No	not reported	not reported	LC
AA.M1S	Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by annual algae	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.M1V	Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AA.M2T	Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity	No	not reported	not reported	LC
AA.M2W	Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by microphytobenthic organisms and grazing snails	No	not reported	not reported	LC
AA.M4U	Baltic photic mixed substrate characterized by no macrocommunity	No	not reported	not reported	LC
AB.A1E	Baltic aphotic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic bivalves	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AB.A1J	Baltic aphotic rock and boulders characterized by epibenthic sponges (Porifera)	No	not reported	not reported	NT	BIS
AB.A1V	Baltic aphotic rock and boulder characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AB.A2T	Baltic aphotic rock and boulders characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity	No	not reported	not reported	LC
AB.A4U	Baltic aphotic rock and boulders characterized by no macrocommunity	No	not reported	not reported	LC
AB.B4U	Baltic aphotic hard clay characterized by no macrocommunity	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AB.F	Baltic aphotic ferromanganese concretion bottom	No	not reported	not reported	LC
AB.H1K	Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by epibenthic polychaetes	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AB.H1V	Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AB.H2T	Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AB.H3L	Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by infaunal bivalves	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AB.H3M	Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by infaunal polychaetes	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AB.H3N	Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by infaunal crustaceans	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AB.H3P	Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by infaunal insect larvae	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AB.H4U	Baltic aphotic muddy sediment characterized by no macrocommunity	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AB.I1E	Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by epibenthic bivalves	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AB.I1V	Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AB.I3L	Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by infaunal bivalves	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AB.I3M	Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by infaunal polychaetes	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AB.I3N	Baltic aphotic coarse sediment characterized by infaunal crustaceans	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AB.I4U	Baltic aphotic coarse sediment chracterized by no macrocommunity	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AB.K	Baltic aphotic hard anthropogenically created substrates	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AB.M1E	Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by epibenthic bivalves	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AB.M1V	Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by mixed epibenthic macrocommunity	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AB.M2T	Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by sparse epibenthic macrocommunity	No	not reported	not reported	LC
AB.M4U	Baltic aphotic mixed substrate characterized by no macrocommunity	No	not reported	not reported	NE
AC	Baltic Sea seasonal Ice	No	not reported	not reported	VU	BIS
AD.N5	Baltic Sea Photic Pelagic above halocline oxic	No	not reported	not reported	LC
AE.N5	Baltic Sea Aphotic Pelagic above halocline oxic	No	not reported	not reported	LC
AE.O5	Baltic Sea Aphotic Pelagic below halocline oxic	No	not reported	not reported	EN	BIS
3.1	Spits/bars	No	not reported	not reported
3.2.1	Sandy beaches	No	not reported	not reported
3.2.2	Gravel and shingle beaches	No	not reported	not reported
3.2.3	Boulder beaches	No	not reported	not reported
3.3.1.1	Sandy beach ridges with no or low vegetation	No	not reported	not reported
3.3.2.1	Beach ridges consisting of gravel, pebbles and/or boulders with no or low vegetation	No	not reported	not reported
3.3.3	Beach ridges consisting of algal or other plant material	No	not reported	not reported
3.5.3.1	Gently sloping crystalline bedrock shores with no vegetation	No	not reported	not reported
3.5.3.2	Gently sloping crystalline bedrock shores with low vegetation	No	not reported	not reported
3.7.1.1	Natural reed, rush and sedge stands	No	not reported	not reported
3.7.2.1	Salt pioneer swards	No	not reported	not reported
3.7.2.2	Lower meadows	No	not reported	not reported
4.1.3.1	Eutrophic glo-lakes	No	not reported	not reported
4.1.3.2	Mesotrophic glo-lakes	No	not reported	not reported
4.2.1.1	Permanent eutrophic brackish pools (incl. rock pools etc.)	No	not reported	not reported
4.2.1.2	Permanent mesotrophic brackish pools (incl. rock pools etc.)	No	not reported	not reported
4.3.1	Temporary brackish pools (rock pools etc.)	No	not reported	not reported
4.3.2	Temporary freshwater pools (rock pools etc.)	No	not reported	not reported

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Biotope complexes in MPA Outer Bothnian Threshold Archipelago (The Quark), Finland.

Code (HD Annex 1)	Biotope complex name	Does the biotope complex justify the site's designation as an MPA?	Performed monitoring	Authorities responsible monitoring	HELCOM Red List category	Link to Biotope Complex Information Sheet (BIS)
4030	European dry heaths	Yes	not reported	not reported	-	-
6230	Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on silicious substrates in mountain areas (and submountain areas in Continental Europe)	No	not reported	not reported	-	-
6270	Fennoscandian lowland species-rich dry to mesic grasslands	No	not reported	not reported	-	-
7140	Transition mires and quaking bogs	No	not reported	not reported	-	-
7160	Fennoscandian mineral-rich springs and springfens	No	not reported	not reported	-	-
8220	Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation	No	not reported	not reported	-	-
9010	Western Taïga	No	not reported	not reported	-	-
9030	Natural forests of primary succession stages of landupheaval coast	Yes	not reported	not reported	-	-
91D0	Bog woodland	No	not reported	not reported	-	-
9050	Fennoscandian herb-rich forests with Picea abies	No	not reported	not reported	-	-
9070	Fennoscandian wooded pastures	Yes	not reported	not reported	-	-
9080	Fennoscandian deciduous swamp woods	No	not reported	not reported	-	-
1110	Sandbanks which are slightly covered by sea water all the time	No	not reported	not reported	VU	BIS
1150	Coastal lagoons	Yes	not reported	not reported	EN	BIS
1170	Reefs	Yes	not reported	not reported	VU	BIS
1210	Annual vegetation of drift lines	Yes	not reported	not reported	-	-
1220	Perennial vegetation of stony banks	Yes	not reported	not reported	-	-
1230	Vegetated sea cliffs of the Atlantic and Baltic Coasts	No	not reported	not reported	-	-
1610	Baltic esker islands with sandy, rocky and shingle beach vegetation and sublittoral vegetation	No	not reported	not reported	NT	BIS
1620	Boreal Baltic islets and small islands	Yes	not reported	not reported	NT	BIS
1630	Boreal Baltic coastal meadows	Yes	not reported	not reported	-	-
1640	Boreal Baltic sandy beaches with perennial vegetation	No	not reported	not reported	-	-
3150	Natural eutrophic lakes with Magnopotamion or Hydrocharition – type vegetation	No	not reported	not reported	-	-
3160	Natural dystrophic lakes and ponds	No	not reported	not reported	-	-
3260	Water courses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho-Batrachion vegetation	No	not reported	not reported	-	-

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Management and regulated activities of MPA Outer Bothnian Threshold Archipelago (The Quark), Finland

Id	Management plan name	Management plan status	Implementation date of first management plan	Implementation date of current management plan	Regulated activities	Body(ies) responsible for management	Implemented monitoring programs	Coverage of management plan
45	Mikkelinsaaret - Punakarit -alueen hoito hoito- ja käyttösuunnitelma	Implemented	01.03.2006	01.03.2006	activities	Metsähallitus & Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment	not reported	Marine and terrestrial
846	Merenkurkun hoidon ja käytön suunnitelma	In development			activities		not reported	Marine
725	Östra Norrskärin hoito- ja käyttösuunnitelma	Developed, but not yet implemented			activities	Metsähallitus	not reported	Marine and terrestrial

Pressures in MPA

Pressure (list according to MSFD Annex III revision document, May 2015)	Inside or outside the MPA	Intensity (low, medium, high)	Past, current or potential future pressure
Change of seabed substrate or morphology (~ physical loss)	inside	high	past,current,potential future
Change of seabed substrate or morphology (~ physical loss)	outside	high	past,current,potential future
Disturbance or damage to seabed	inside	high	past,current,potential future
Disturbance or damage to seabed	outside	high	past,current,potential future
Extraction of seabed or subsoil (e.g. sand, gravel, rock, oil, gas)	inside	high	current,potential future
Extraction of seabed or subsoil (e.g. sand, gravel, rock, oil, gas)	outside	medium	current,potential future
Input of water	outside	medium	current,potential future
Changes to hydrological conditions	inside	medium	current,potential future
Changes to hydrological conditions	outside	medium	current,potential future
Input of sound	inside	high	past,current,potential future
Input of sound	outside	high	past,current,potential future
Change in water temperature	inside	low	current,potential future
Input of light	outside	low	current,potential future
Input of nutrients and organic matter	inside	medium	past,current,potential future
Input of nutrients and organic matter	outside	high	past,current,potential future
Input of contaminants (synthetic substances, non-synthetic substances, radionuclides) - diffuse sources, point sources, acute events	inside	medium	past,current,potential future
Input of contaminants (synthetic substances, non-synthetic substances, radionuclides) - diffuse sources, point sources, acute events	outside	medium	past,current,potential future
Input of CO2 [and other greenhouse gases]	inside	medium	past,current,potential future
Input of CO2 [and other greenhouse gases]	outside	medium	past,current,potential future
Input of litter (solid waste matter, including micro-size litter)	inside	medium	current,potential future
Input of litter (solid waste matter, including micro-size litter)	outside	medium	current,potential future
Extraction or, mortality/injury to, species (targeted, non-targeted)	inside	high	past,current,potential future
Extraction or, mortality/injury to, species (targeted, non-targeted)	outside	high	past,current,potential future
Disturbance of species	inside	high	past,current,potential future
Disturbance of species	outside	high	past,current,potential future
Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species	inside	high	current,potential future
Introduction of microbial pathogens	outside	medium	current,potential future

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